Calculated Variation In Adiabatic Combustion Temperature
For An Oxygen Reaction With Certain Elements
As Reported By Grosse

Atomic Number

Atomic Weight

Element

Temperature of
Combustion deg R

Heating Number Value
BTU/LB

1

~1

hydrogen

~5,400

~52

2

~4

helium

inert

 

3

~7

lithium

~4,700

~18

4

~9

beryllium

~7,900

~28

5

~10

boron

~5,400

~26

6

~12

carbon

~3,700

~14

7

~14

nitrogen

~( 2,200)

quasi-inert with O

8

~16

oxygen

……….

oxidizer

9

~19

fluorine

……….

oxidizer

10

~20

neon

……….

inert

11

~23

sodium

~3,800

~4

12

~24

magnesium

~6,100

~11

13

~27

aluminum

~7,000

~13

14

~28

silicium

~4,600

~12

15

~31

phosphorus

~(2,400)

~11

16

~32

sulphur

~(1,800)

~4

17

~35

chlorine

~(400)

oxidizer

18

~40

argon

……….

inert

19

~39

potassium

~3,100

~2

20

~40

calcium

~6,900

~7

21

~45

scandium

~7,100

~8

22

~48

titanium

~6,000

~9

23

~51

vanadium

~6,000

~7

24

~52

chromium

~6,000

~6

25

~55

manganese

~6,200

~5

26

~56

iron

~5,500

~4

27

~59

cobalt

~(4,300)

~3

28

~59

nickel

~(3,000)

~2

29

~64

copper

~2,200

~1

30

~65

zinc

~4,000

~3

31

~70

gallium

~4,900

~3

32

~73

germanium

~5,600

~3

33

~75

arsenic

~(3,000)

~3

34

~79

selenium

~(1,700)

~3

35

~80

bromine

~(400)
oxidizer~2

 

36

~84

krypton

~…….

inert

37

~85

rubidium

~2,900

~1

38

~88

strontium

~6,400

~2

39

~89

yttrium

~7,400

~3

40

~91

zirconium

~8,700

~4

41

~93

niobium

~7,300

~3

42

~96

molybdenum

~5,500

~2

43

~99

technetium

~……..

~1

44

~101

rubidium

~……..

~1

45

~103

rhodium

~……..

~1

46

~106

palladium

~1,300.

.~1

47

~108

silver

~1,200

~1

48

~112

cadmium

~3,100

~1

49

~115

indium

~4,100

~1

50

~119

tin

~4,900

~2,5

51

~122

antimony

~3,100

~2

52

~128

tellurium

……….

~2

53

~127

iodine

……….

~1

54

~131

xenon

……….

inert

55

~133

cesium

~2,700

~1

56

~137

barium

~5,400

  

57 to 71

  

:

  

rare earths

72

~178

hafnium

~8,700

  

73

~181

tantalum

~(7,600)

  

74

~184

tungsten

~5,800

  

75

~186

rhenium

~(4,000)

  

76

~190

osmium

~(1,800)

  

77

~193

iridium

~(1,400)

  

78

~195

platinum

~800

  

79

~197

gold

~600

  

80

~201

mercury

~1,000

  

81

~204

thallium

~(2,000)

  

82

~207

lead

~3,200

  

83

~209

bismuth

~3,600

  

84

~210

polonium

~(2,100)

  

85

~210

astatine

~(1,000)

  

86

~222

radon

………

inert

87

~223

francium

~2,400

  

88

~226

radium

~4,500

 

89

~227

actinium

~7,000

  

90

~232

thorium

~9,000

  

Some double-base propellant compositions:

  • J.P. powder:
    1. Nitrocellulose(13.25%N2): 52.2%
    2. Nitroglycerin: 43.0%
    3. Diethyl phthalate: 3.0%
    4. Diphenylamine: 0.6%
    5. Potassium Nitrate(saltpeter): 1.1%
    6. Nigrosine: 0.1%
  • J.P.N. powder:
    1. Nitrocellulose(13.25%N2): 51.50%
    2. Nitroglycerin: 43.00%
    3. Diethyl phthalate: 3.00%
    4. Ethyl centralite: 1.00%
    5. Potassium sulfate: 1.25%
    6. Carbon black: 0.20%
    7. Candelilla wax: 0.05%
  • Slow burning powder:
    1. Nitrocellulose(12.2%N2): 56.5%
    2. Nitroglycerin: 28.5%
    3. Dinitrotoluene: 11.0%
    4. Ethyl centralite: 4.4%
    5. Candelilla wax: 0.1%

Relative value of Specific Impulse:

  1. Black powder:———————–~125 sec.
  2. Double-base:————————~200 sec.
  3. Cellulose acetate+ammonium nitrate: ~175 sec.
  4. Asphalt+ammonium perchlorate:——-~180 sec.
  5. Polysulfide+ “:———————~200 sec.
  6. Polyurethane+”:———————~225-230 sec.
  7. Polybutadiene+ “:——————-~230-235 sec.
  8. Polyurethane+ Aluminum + ” :——–~240 sec.
  9. Polybutadiene+ Aluminum + “:——–~245 sec.
  10. PBAA + Aluminum + “:—————-~250 sec.
  11. Composite/double-base:————–~275 sec.

List Of Ingredients Used In Double-Base Propellants

Plasticizer (Fuel And Oxidizer) –NG: nitroglycerin –TMETN: trimethylolethane trinitrate –TEGDN: triethylene glycol dinitrate –DEGDN: diethylene glycol dinitrate

Plasticizer (Fuel) –DEP: diethylphtalate –TA: triacetine –PU: polyurethane

Binder (Fuel And Oxidizer) –NC: nitrocellulose

Stabilizer –EC: ethyl centralite –2NDPA: 2-nitrodiphenilamine

Burning Rate Catalyst –PbSa: lead salicylate –PbSt: lead stearate –Pb2EH: lead 2-ethylhexoate –CuSa: copper salicylate –CuSt: copper stearate –LiF: lithium fluoride

High Energy Additive –RDX: cyclotrimethylene trinitramine –HMX: cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine –NGD: nitroguanidine

Coolant –OXM: oxamide

Opacifier –C: carbon black

Flame Supressant –KNO3: potassium nitrate (saltpeter) –K2SO4: potassium sulfate

Metal Fuel –Al: aluminum

Combustion Instability Suppressant –Al: aluminum –Zr: zirconium –ZrC: zirconium carbide

List Of Ingredients Used For Composite Propellants

  • Oxidizer
    1. AP: ammonium perchlorate
    2. AN: ammonium nitrate
    3. NP: nitronium perchlorate
    4. KP: potassium perchlorate
    5. RDX: cyclotrimethylene trinitramine
    6. HMX: cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine
  • Binder
    1. PS: polysulfide
    2. PVC: polyvinyl chloride
    3. PU: polyurethane
    4. CTPB: carboxyl terminated polybutadiene
    5. HTPB: hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene
  • Curing And/Or Crosslinking Agents
    1. PQD: paraquinone dioxime
    2. TDI: toluene-2,4-diisocyanate
    3. MAPO: tris(1-(2-methyl) aziridinyl) phosphine oxide
    4. ERLA-O51O: N,N,O-tri (1,2-epoxy propyl)-4-aminophenol
    5. IPDI: isophorone diiosocyanate
  • Bonding Agent
    1. MAPO: tris( 1-(2-methyl) aziridinyl) phosphine oxide
    2. TEA: triethanolamine
    3. MT-4: adduct of 2.0 moles MAPO, 0.7 mole azipic acid,
    4. ………and 0.3 mole tararic acid
  • Plasticizer
    1. DOA: dioctyl adipate
    2. IDP: isodecyl pelargonete
    3. DOP: dioctyl phthalate
  • Burning Rate Catalyst
    1. Fe2O3: ferric oxide
    2. FeO(OH): hydrated ferric oxide
    3. nBF: n-butyl ferrocene
    4. DnBF: di-n-butyl ferrocene
    5. LiF: lithium fluoride
  • Metal Fuel
    1. Al: aluminum
    2. Mg: magnesium
    3. Be: beryllium
    4. B: boron
  • Combustion Instability Suppressant
    1. Al: aluminum
    2. Zr: zirconium
    3. ZrC: zirconium carbide

THERMOPLASTIC BINDERS

Binder Oxidiser Agency Process
Plasticised 50/50 Ethyl Cellulose KNO2/Ammonium Monsanto Compression Picrate Formed
Polyisobutylene —-  British  Compression Formed
Polyvinyl Acetate  Ammonium Nitrate    Still Limited Use
Polyvinyl Chloride  —- —- Mix, cast, high temp

THERMOSET BINDERS

Polyester        Ammonium Perchlorate Aerojet        Cast, cure, cartridge load

Potassium Perchlorate (Aeroplex)

Polysulfide        Ammonium Perchlorate JPL/Thiokol Cast in case /case bonded

Butadiene        Ammonium Nitrate        Phillips Petroleum Extruded-cartridge